Astrology and Greek mythology are intertwined in a fascinating web of celestial significance and divine influence. The celestial bodies and their movements have always been seen as powerful forces that shape the destinies of mortals and gods alike. In this article, we will explore the captivating connection between astrology and Greek mythology, delving into the influence astrology had on the ancient Greeks’ worldview, religious beliefs, and cultural practices. From the role of astrological deities to the alignment of myths with the zodiac, we will unravel the complex tapestry of astrology’s impact on Greek culture. Join us on this journey into the celestial realm where the stars and gods converge, bringing forth a deeper understanding of the depth and significance of astrology in Greek mythology.
Astrology in Greek Mythology
Astrology in Greek mythology holds a significant place, intertwining the celestial realm with the stories and beliefs of the ancient Greeks. The Greeks believed that the positions and movements of the planets, stars, and other celestial bodies held profound meaning and influence over the lives of both mortals and gods. The study of astrology was not limited to the common people; even the gods themselves were associated with specific celestial bodies. Astrological deities such as Helios, the personification of the Sun, and Selene, the goddess of the Moon, embodied the powers and characteristics associated with these celestial entities. The zodiac, a celestial coordinate system, also played a crucial role in Greek mythology. Each zodiac sign was associated with certain traits and characteristics, and these traits often corresponded to specific mythological figures. For example, the mighty Hercules is linked to the zodiac sign of Leo, known for its strength and courage. The practice of divination and prophecy was heavily influenced by astrology in Greek mythology. Oracles, such as the famous Oracle of Delphi, were believed to receive divine messages from the gods through the interpretation of celestial omens. These prophecies often guided the actions and decisions of mortals and even influenced the outcome of wars and other significant events. Astrological symbols were also intricately woven into the fabric of mythological tales, providing deeper layers of symbolism and meaning. For instance, the constellation of Orion, a renowned hunter in Greek mythology, appears in various stories, symbolizing the strength and prowess of this legendary figure. The influence of astrology also extended to the realm of Greek heroes and gods. Many myths narrate how the movements of the stars and planets shaped the fates of these divine beings. One notable example is the tale of Perseus, whose journey to slay Medusa and save Andromeda was guided by the gods and marked by celestial signs. These instances highlight the intricate relationship between astrology and Greek mythology, showcasing the powerful influence the celestial realm held over the ancient Greeks’ understanding of their world.
Astrological Deities
Astrological deities played a significant role in Greek mythology, representing the celestial bodies and harnessing their powers and attributes. These deities were revered for their influence over various aspects of life and were often associated with specific celestial bodies. One of the most prominent astrological deities in Greek mythology is Helios, the personification of the Sun. Helios was believed to drive a chariot across the sky, bringing light and warmth to the world. His radiant presence symbolized vitality, illumination, and divine power. Similarly, Selene, the goddess of the Moon, was associated with the lunar cycles and the ebb and flow of tides. She was seen as a mystical and enchanting figure, embodying the ever-changing nature of the Moon. Other astrological deities include Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, who was linked to the planet Venus, and Hermes, the messenger of the gods, associated with the planet Mercury. These deities served as intermediaries between mortals and the celestial realm, providing insights and guidance through the interpretation of celestial signs and movements. The worship of these astrological deities stood as a testament to the Greeks’ belief in the profound influence of the cosmos on their daily lives. Their narratives and symbolism continue to captivate and inspire individuals to this day. (source)
Mythological Zodiac
The played a prominent role in Greek mythology, aligning specific mythological figures with each of the twelve zodiac signs. Each sign in the zodiac held distinct characteristics and traits that corresponded to various mythological figures, enriching the symbolism and meaning associated with both astrology and Greek mythology. Let’s explore some of these associations:
1. Aries (The Ram): Aries is linked to the golden ram that rescued Phrixus and Helle from their stepmother. The ram later became the constellation of Aries.
2. Taurus (The Bull): Taurus is associated with the legendary Cretan Bull captured by Hercules as one of his Twelve Labors.
3. Gemini (The Twins): Gemini represents the twins Castor and Pollux, known as the Dioscuri, who were transformed into the constellation Gemini after their death.
4. Cancer (The Crab): Cancer is linked to the story of the crab sent by Hera to hinder Hercules during his battle with the Hydra.
5. Leo (The Lion): Leo corresponds to the Nemean Lion, a fierce creature defeated by Hercules.
6. Virgo (The Virgin): Virgo is associated with the goddess Demeter, who is often depicted holding wheat in her hands, symbolizing fertility.
7. Libra (The Scales): Libra represents the scales of justice held by Astraea, the goddess of justice and innocence.
8. Scorpio (The Scorpion): Scorpio is connected to the story of Orion, who was stung by a scorpion and subsequently transformed into the constellation Scorpio.
9. Sagittarius (The Archer): Sagittarius is linked to the centaur Chiron, known for his exceptional skills in archery.
10. Capricorn (The Sea-Goat): Capricorn corresponds to the god Pan, who transformed into a sea-goat to escape the monster Typhon.
11. Aquarius (The Water Bearer): Aquarius represents the young shepherd Ganymede, who was carried away by Zeus and became the cupbearer of the gods.
12. Pisces (The Fish): Pisces is associated with the story of Aphrodite and her son Eros, who transformed into fish to escape the monster Typhon.
These mythological connections within the zodiac added depth and layers of symbolism to both astrology and Greek mythology, further intertwining the celestial and mythological realms. The influence of the mythological zodiac can still be seen in contemporary astrology, where the traits and characteristics of these mythological figures continue to shape the interpretation of each zodiac sign.
Divination and Prophecy
In Greek mythology, divination and prophecy held a crucial role in understanding and navigating the complexities of the world. The ancient Greeks believed that the gods communicated with humans through signs and symbols, often manifested in celestial events. Astrology played a significant role in the practice of divination and prophecy, as celestial omens were interpreted to unveil messages and insights from the divine realm. Oracles, revered for their ability to communicate with the gods, were sought after for their prophecies. The most famous oracle, the Oracle of Delphi, was believed to receive divine inspiration from Apollo, the god of light and knowledge. Seekers would consult the oracle and present their questions, hoping for guidance and foresight. The responses from the oracle were often enigmatic and required interpretation, drawing heavily on astrological knowledge and symbolism. Astrologers played a key role in deciphering these prophecies and connecting the celestial signs to real-world events. They meticulously studied the movements of the planets, the patterns of the stars, and the alignment of the constellations to interpret omens and predict the outcomes of various endeavors. Astrology, with its intricate system of correspondences and associations, provided a framework for understanding the divine messages conveyed through celestial phenomena. While the practice of divination and prophecy evolved over time, astrology remained at its core, guiding the interpretation of signs and symbols from the heavens. It is through this intricate blend of astrology, mythology, and divine communication that the ancient Greeks sought to uncover the mysteries of their past, present, and future.
Astrological Symbols in Mythological Tales
Astrological symbols in mythological tales play a significant role in conveying deeper symbolism and meaning. The ancient Greeks incorporated various celestial symbols into their myths, enriching the narratives and providing insight into the interconnectedness of the celestial and mortal realms. One prominent example is the constellation of Orion, known as the great hunter in Greek mythology. Orion’s story intertwines with several myths, portraying him as a skilled hunter with immense strength. The constellation of Orion itself represents his form in the night sky, serving as a reminder of his legendary status. Similarly, the constellation of Ursa Major, or the Great Bear, features in the tale of Callisto, a nymph who was transformed into a bear by the jealous goddess Hera. The constellation visually depicts the shape of a bear, immortalizing Callisto’s story for eternity. The Centaur, a half-human, half-horse creature, is another astrological symbol prevalent in Greek mythology. The most famous Centaur, Chiron, is depicted as a wise and knowledgeable being, renowned for his teachings of heroes and demigods. The blending of human and equine forms in the Centaur embodies the harmony between different realms and represents the bridging of mortal and divine wisdom. These astrological symbols in mythological tales invoke a sense of wonder and provide a visual representation of the celestial influences that shape the lives and destinies of the characters in Greek mythology. They serve as a reminder of the profound connection between the celestial and mortal realms, capturing the timeless fascination of astrology in Greek mythology.
Astrological Connections to Greek Heroes and Gods
Astrology in Greek mythology held a profound influence on the lives and destinies of Greek heroes and gods. The celestial bodies and their movements were believed to shape the fates of these divine beings, often guiding them on their epic journeys and quests. One prominent example of an astrologically connected Greek hero is Hercules, who was associated with the constellation Leo. As the zodiac sign of Leo represents strength and bravery, Hercules embodied these qualities in his legendary feats and labors. The astrological connection between Hercules and Leo symbolized his divine heritage and the challenging path he was destined to follow. Another notable example is the hero Perseus, whose adventures were influenced by astrology. Perseus was guided by the gods and marked by celestial signs in his quest to slay Medusa and save Andromeda. The constellation Perseus, named after the hero himself, was believed to have been created to commemorate his heroic acts. These astrological connections emphasized the significance of the stars and planets in shaping the lives and destinies of these legendary figures. The gods of Greek mythology were also intricately linked to astrology. Each god was associated with specific celestial bodies that represented their attributes and domains. For example, Zeus, the king of the gods, was associated with the planet Jupiter, symbolizing his power and authority. Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, was linked to the planet Venus, reflecting her captivating charm. These astrological associations deepened the understanding of the gods’ personalities and roles in Greek mythology. The influence of astrology on Greek heroes and gods serves as a testament to the profound connection between the celestial realm and the mythical world. Understanding these astrological connections provides further insight into the significance and symbolism behind the stories and myths of ancient Greece.
Astrological Influences on Greek Culture
Astrological influences permeated various aspects of Greek culture, shaping their beliefs, practices, and even their physical surroundings. One significant area where astrology played a prominent role was in the understanding of birth and destiny. The Greeks believed that the time and circumstances of one’s birth, as determined by the position of the stars and planets, influenced their character and future. Astrologers were consulted to determine the best time for important events, such as marriages or the birth of a child, in order to ensure favorable outcomes. The alignment of celestial bodies also had an impact on religious practices. Temples and sacred sites were often constructed in accordance with astrological alignments, with certain structures facing specific celestial points. Additionally, the Greeks believed that their gods resided among the stars, further deepening the connection between their religious beliefs and astrology. The influence of astrology extended to the field of medicine and healing as well. Physicians often considered the position of the stars and planets when diagnosing and treating illnesses. Astrological charts were consulted to determine the best times for medical procedures and to identify potential imbalances in the body. Astrology also left its mark on the architecture and city planning of ancient Greek cities. The layout of cities was often designed with astrological principles in mind, such as the positioning of important buildings in alignment with celestial bodies. The Greeks believed that this alignment brought harmony and positive energy to their cities. Finally, astrology played a pivotal role in Greek literature and arts. Ancient Greek myths and epic poems often incorporated astrological symbolism and references to celestial bodies, adding layers of meaning and depth to their storytelling. Artists and poets drew inspiration from astrology to create elaborate and intricate artworks that reflected the heavenly themes of Greek mythology. These various influences emphasize the profound impact that astrology had on Greek culture, permeating every aspect of their lives and leaving an indelible mark on their beliefs, practices, and artistic expressions.
Birth and Destiny
In Greek culture, astrology played a significant role in shaping beliefs surrounding birth and destiny. The ancient Greeks believed that the positions of the stars and planets at the moment of a person’s birth influenced their character, temperament, and future fate. This belief is known as astrology’s concept of natal astrology. The alignment of the celestial bodies was seen as a reflection of an individual’s unique qualities and potential. The study of astrological charts, which mapped out the positions of the planets and their aspects at the time of birth, offered insights into a person’s strengths, weaknesses, and destined path in life. Greek society placed great importance on these astrological predictions, and individuals would consult astrologers who specialized in interpreting birth charts to gain insights into their own nature and future. The concepts of birth and destiny were inseparable, as the belief in astrology suggested that everyone had a predetermined path in life, influenced by the stars. This notion of destiny influenced decision-making, relationships, and even the planning of major events such as marriages or journeys. The influence of astrology on birth and destiny extends beyond Greek mythology and permeates throughout history, with many famous astrologers throughout the ages shaping our understanding of this ancient practice.
Religious Practices
Religious practices in ancient Greece were deeply influenced by astrology. The Greeks believed that the gods themselves were connected to the celestial bodies and that their actions and decisions mirrored the movements of the planets and stars. Astrology played a crucial role in determining auspicious times for religious rituals and ceremonies. The positioning of the stars and planets was carefully observed and considered when choosing the most propitious moments for offerings, sacrifices, and other sacred acts. The concept of divine favor and intervention based on astrological alignments was widespread. For example, during important religious festivals, priests would consult astrologers to determine the ideal days for processions, performances, and prayers to ensure the gods’ favor and blessings. The Greeks also sought guidance and enlightenment from Apollo, the god of sun and light, who was associated with divination and prophecy. His sanctuary at Delphi was famous for providing prophetic insights, believed to be influenced by astrological forces. The priests at Delphi, known as Pythias, would channel the divine messages interpreted from the positioning of the stars and planets. These astrologically-informed prophecies held great significance in shaping the religious practices and beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Through the integration of astrology into their religious rituals and traditions, the Greeks sought to align themselves with the cosmic forces that governed their lives, forging a deeper connection with their gods and the celestial realm. [Link: /famous-astrologers-history-contributions/]
Medicine and Healing
Medicine and healing in Greek culture were deeply influenced by astrology. The ancient Greeks believed that the positioning of celestial bodies had a direct impact on a person’s health and well-being. Physicians and healers often looked to the stars and planets to guide their medical practices. Astrological principles were used to diagnose and treat various ailments. The concept of “humors” was central to Greek medicine, and each humor was associated with a specific element and influenced by certain celestial bodies. For example, the element of air was associated with the humor of blood and governed by the planet Jupiter, while the element of fire was associated with the humor of yellow bile and governed by the Sun. By understanding the astrological influences on the humors, physicians could prescribe treatments and remedies to restore balance and alleviate illness. Certain celestial alignments were believed to have healing properties. For instance, the alignment of the Sun with the constellation Virgo was considered auspicious for medical treatments and surgeries. Astrology not only played a role in diagnosing and treating ailments but also in preventing illness. The Greeks believed that certain periods, known as “critical days,” were more susceptible to illness or injury based on the celestial configurations. During these critical days, extra precautions were taken to safeguard health and well-being. Astrology permeated the field of medicine in ancient Greece, guiding physicians in their understanding of the body and its ailments, as well as influencing treatment methods and preventative measures. Its impact on medical practices endured for centuries, even during the medieval period in Europe where astrology continued to be an integral part of medical theory and practice. /astrology-medieval-europe/
Architecture and City Planning
Architecture and city planning in ancient Greece were deeply influenced by astrology. The Greeks believed that the arrangement and layout of cities should align with celestial alignments and the movement of the stars. Astrology played a crucial role in determining the orientation and design of important structures, such as temples, government buildings, and public spaces. The positioning of these buildings was carefully considered to reflect the astrological significance associated with various celestial bodies. For example, temples dedicated to specific deities were often aligned with the rising or setting of certain stars or constellations, reflecting the importance of these celestial entities in Greek mythology. The city of Athens, renowned for its architectural achievements, provides an excellent example of astrological influence. The Parthenon, the majestic temple dedicated to Athena, was designed to align with the rising of the constellation of Pleiades, symbolizing the goddess’s connection to wisdom and guidance. The ancient Greeks believed that incorporating these celestial alignments into the city’s architectural plans would bring divine blessings and ensure the prosperity and well-being of the community. Astrology influenced the planning of public spaces, such as theaters and amphitheaters, where performances and gatherings took place. These spaces were designed to provide the audience with the optimal viewing conditions, taking into account the movement of the sun and stars during specific seasons and times of the day. The placement of entrances and seating arrangements were carefully considered to maximize the audience’s connection with the cosmic energies believed to emanate from the celestial bodies. Thus, astrology played a significant role in shaping the architecture and city planning of ancient Greece, reflecting the deep reverence and belief in the power and influence of the stars and planets.
Literature and Arts
Literature and arts in ancient Greece were deeply intertwined with astrology, reflecting the influence of celestial bodies and astrological beliefs. Greek writers and poets often drew inspiration from astrology, infusing their works with cosmic symbolism and references to the zodiac. Hesiod, a renowned poet of the time, incorporated astrological motifs in his poem “Works and Days.” He associated the different seasons and agricultural activities with the movements of the stars and planets, emphasizing the importance of aligning one’s actions with the celestial rhythms. Another prominent example is the play “Julius Caesar” by William Shakespeare, where the famous line “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars” alludes to the belief in astrology during the Renaissance period.
Artworks such as mosaics and frescoes also showcased astrological motifs. Zodiac symbols were often depicted in intricate designs, reflecting the reverence for celestial patterns. The famous Zodiac of Dendera, although from ancient Egypt, is an example of the cultural exchange between the ancient Greeks and Egyptians, showcasing the shared fascination with astrology.
Ancient Greek sculptures frequently featured mythological figures associated with astrology. For example, the statue of Apollo, the god of music and poetry, often portrayed him holding a lyre, symbolizing the divine harmony of the celestial spheres. The celestial bodies also found their way into decorative objects, such as pottery and jewelry. Artisans adorned these items with intricate celestial patterns and symbols, further showcasing the pervasive influence of astrology in Greek artistic expressions.
In literature and arts, astrology served as a rich source of symbolism, allowing artists to explore themes of destiny, fate, and the interconnectedness of all things. It provided a framework through which they could depict the human condition, the divine realm, and the cosmic forces that govern both. The integration of astrological elements in literature and arts not only added depth and meaning to these works but also reflected the deeply ingrained belief in the power of the stars and planets in shaping human lives and the world around them.
Astrology’s Role in the Lives of Mortals
Astrology played a significant role in the lives of mortals in ancient Greece, shaping their beliefs, decisions, and understanding of personal and social matters. The Greeks believed that an individual’s birth and destiny were heavily influenced by the positions of the celestial bodies at the time of their birth. The alignment of the planets and stars was thought to determine one’s personality traits, strengths, and weaknesses. Thus, astrology became a tool for self-discovery and identity recognition. It provided a framework for individuals to understand their purpose in life and navigate their personal journeys. The influence of astrology extended beyond personal matters and seeped into various aspects of Greek society. Religious practices were deeply intertwined with astrology, as the Greeks sought divine guidance through the interpretation of celestial omens and the ceremonies they performed under specific celestial alignments. Additionally, astrology played a vital role in medicine and healing. Greek physicians believed in the correlation between the movements of the stars and human health. They would consider astrological factors in diagnosing illnesses and prescribing treatments. Similarly, architecture and city planning were also influenced by astrology. Cities were often laid out according to astrological principles, aiming to create harmony with the celestial realm. Astrology’s impact was not limited to the practical aspects of life but extended to literature and arts as well. Mythological stories and epics were often structured in alignment with astrological symbolism and cycles, adding a layer of depth and meaning to these works of art. Astrology served as a guiding force in the lives of mortals, intertwining their personal, social, and cultural experiences with the celestial forces that governed their existence. Its influence permeated every aspect of society, shaping the beliefs, decisions, and creative endeavors of the ancient Greeks.
Impact on Personal and Social Matters
The influence of astrology on personal and social matters in Greek society was profound. Individuals sought astrological guidance to understand their unique personality traits, strengths, and weaknesses. The alignment of their birth chart with specific celestial bodies and zodiac signs provided insights into their destiny and potential paths in life. Astrology played a role in determining compatibility in relationships as well. Greeks believed that certain zodiac signs were more compatible than others, and this influenced marriage arrangements and social interactions. Astrology impacted important life decisions, such as choosing the most auspicious time for marriages, starting businesses, or embarking on journeys. Astrologers, known as “astrologoi,” were consulted for their expertise in interpreting celestial signs and providing guidance for these important personal and social matters. The belief in astrology was not limited to individuals but extended to the broader social fabric, shaping the collective consciousness and influencing societal structures. For instance, astrology influenced the hierarchical structure of society, with certain zodiac signs associated with nobility and power. It also played a role in political decision-making, as rulers consulted astrologers to ensure that their actions were aligned with celestial forces, thereby legitimizing their authority. The impact of astrology on personal and social matters in Greek society reveals the widespread belief in the power of the stars to shape individual lives and the collective destiny of the community.
Use in Decision Making
The use of astrology in decision making was a significant aspect of Greek culture, as the ancient Greeks believed that the positions of the celestial bodies could provide guidance and insight into the future. When faced with important decisions, such as matters of war, politics, or personal choices, individuals would consult astrologers or seek out celestial signs to help inform their choices. Astrology was seen as a tool for understanding the cosmic forces at play and determining the most favorable time to take action. For instance, before embarking on a military campaign, generals would consult astrologers to analyze the positions of the stars and planets, hoping to gain insight into the potential outcomes and make strategic decisions accordingly. Similarly, in matters of personal life, individuals would look to astrology for guidance. They believed that by aligning their actions with the movements of the celestial bodies, they could increase their chances of success and harmony in various aspects of life, such as relationships, career, and health. Astrology was not only used for individual decision making but also played a role in collective decision making. Rulers and leaders would rely on astrological guidance to make decisions for their cities or nations, trusting that the alignment of the stars would favor certain courses of action. The belief in astrology’s influence on decision making permeated Greek culture, shaping the way individuals and societies approached choices and destiny.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the influence of astrology in Greek mythology is undeniable. Astrology permeated every aspect of Greek culture, from religious practices to art and literature. The association of deities with celestial bodies, the alignment of myths with the zodiac, and the use of astrology in divination and prophecy all highlight the deep connection between the celestial realm and Greek mythology. Astrology played a significant role in the lives of both mortals and gods, shaping their destinies and guiding their actions. It influenced the Greeks’ understanding of birth and destiny, impacting decisions related to personal and social matters. The study of astrology was integrated into their religious practices, as oracles provided divine guidance through the interpretation of celestial signs. Additionally, astrology influenced fields such as medicine and healing, architecture and city planning, and the creation of literature and arts. The Greeks saw the power of the stars and planets as forces that can shape human lives and shape the course of events. The intricate relationship between astrology and Greek mythology reveals a complex belief system that integrated the celestial heavens into the fabric of their daily lives. By delving into the influence of astrology in Greek mythology, we gain a deeper appreciation for the rich cultural heritage and the profound impact of the celestial realm on the ancient Greeks’ worldview.
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQs about Astrology in Greek Mythology
1. What role did astrology play in ancient Greek society?
Astrology held great significance in ancient Greek society as it was believed that celestial bodies influenced the lives of both mortals and gods. It played a role in shaping their worldview, religious beliefs, and cultural practices.
2. How were Greek gods associated with celestial bodies?
Greek gods were often associated with specific celestial bodies. For example, Helios represented the Sun while Selene embodied the Moon. These gods personified the powers and characteristics of their respective celestial entities.
3. What is the significance of the zodiac in Greek mythology?
The zodiac, a celestial coordinate system, was associated with specific traits and characteristics. These traits often corresponded to mythological figures, providing a deeper understanding of their roles and qualities in the ancient Greek belief system.
4. How did astrology influence divination and prophecy in Greek mythology?
Astrology played a crucial role in divination and prophecy in Greek mythology. Oracles, such as the famous Oracle of Delphi, interpreted celestial omens to receive divine messages from the gods. These prophecies guided the actions and decisions of mortals and even influenced significant events.
5. Were astrological symbols incorporated into mythological tales?
Yes, astrological symbols were intricately woven into the fabric of mythological tales. These symbols added layers of symbolism and meaning to the stories. For example, the constellation Orion symbolized the strength and prowess of the legendary hunter in Greek mythology.
6. How did astrology impact Greek heroes and gods?
The movements of the stars and planets often shaped the fates of Greek heroes and gods. Their journeys and quests were guided by celestial signs, showcasing the powerful influence astrology held over their mythological narratives.
7. Did astrology affect the Greeks’ understanding of their own destinies?
Yes, astrology profoundly influenced the Greeks’ understanding of their destinies. They believed that the positions and movements of celestial bodies determined their fate and personal characteristics, leading them to consult astrologers and seek guidance in aligning their lives with the stars.
8. Did astrology play a role in Greek religious practices?
Yes, astrology played a role in Greek religious practices. The Greeks sought divine guidance through the interpretation of celestial omens and believed that the gods communicated through the language of the stars.
9. Did astrology have an impact on other aspects of Greek culture?
Certainly, astrology had a wide influence on various aspects of Greek culture. It influenced fields such as medicine, architecture, literature, and arts, reflecting the belief in the interconnectedness of the celestial and earthly realms.
10. Is there evidence of astrology’s influence in Greek mythology besides written texts?
While written texts serve as solid evidence of astrology’s influence on Greek mythology, archaeological findings, such as celestial alignments in ancient structures, also suggest a deeper connection between the celestial and earthly realms in ancient Greek culture.
